34.Metternich,AusMetternichsnachgelassenenPapieren,1:33,8:184.
35.AlgernonCecil,Metternich,1773ndash1859(London:EyreandSpottiswood,1947),52.
36.Metternich,AusMetternichsnachgelassenenPapieren,1:334.
37.BriefwechseldesGeneralsLeopoldvonGerlachmitdemBundestags-GesandtenOttovonBismarck(Berlin,1893),334.
38.Ibid.(February20,1854),130.
39.HorstKohl,DiepolitischenRedendesFurstenBismarck(Stuttgart,1892),264.
40.Bismarck,DiegesammeenWerke(November14,1833),vol.14,nos.1,3.
41.Ibid.(September29,1851),1:62.
42.SpeechofFebruary9,1871,inHansard,ParliamentaryDebates,ser.3,vol.204(FebruaryndashMarch1871),82.
43.与此形成鲜明对照的是，为普鲁士赢得统一德国的战争的战略家老毛奇当时曾计划在两条战线上采取守势。
44.Forstimulatingaccountsofthesedevelopments,seeChristopherClark,TheSleepwalkers:HowEuropeWenttoWarin1914(NewYork:HarperCollins,2013)andMargaretMacMillan,TheWarThatEndedPeace:TheRoadto1914(NewYork:RandomHouse,2013).
45.SeeJohnMaynardKeynes,TheEconomicConsequencesofthePeace(NewYork:Macmillan,1920),Chapter5.
46.SeeChapters6and7.
第三章伊斯兰主义和中东：世界乱局
1.AddaB.Bozeman,Iran:U.S.ForeignPolicyandtheTraditionofPersianStatecraft,Orbis23,no.2(Summer1979):397.
2.SeeHughKennedy,TheGreatArabConquests:HowtheSpreadofIslamChangedtheWorldWeLiveIn(London:WeidenfeldNicholson,2007),34ndash40.
3.Kennedy,GreatArabConquests,113.
4.SeegenerallyMarshallG.S.Hodgson,TheVentureofIslam:ConscienceandHistoryinaWorldCivilization,vol.1,TheClassicalAgeofIslam(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1974).
5.MajidKhadduri,TheIslamicLawofNations:ShaybanisSiyar(Baimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1966),13.
6.MajidKhadduri,WarandPeaceintheLawofIslam(Baimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1955),56.SeealsoKennedy,GreatArabConquests,48ndash51BernardLewis,TheMiddleEast:ABriefHistoryoftheLast2,000Years(NewYork:Touchstone,1997),233ndash38.
7.民主制和人权推动了人们为实现全球变革采取行动。在此意义上，事实证明它们的内涵和适用性比跟在军队后面迫使他人皈依的宗教教义更灵活。毕竟不同国家人民的民主意愿可以带来极其不同的结果。
8.LabeebAhmedBsoul,Internationareaties(Muhadt)inIslam:TheoryandPracticeintheLightofIslamicInternationalLaw(Siyar)AccordingtoOrthodoxSchools(Lanham,Md.:UniversityPressofAmerica,2008),117.
9.Khadduri,IslamicLawofNations,12.SeealsoBsoul,Internationareaties,108ndash9.
10.SeeJamesPiscatori,IslamintheInternationalOrder,inTheExpansionofInternationalSociety,ed.HedleyBullandAdamWatson(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1985),318ndash19Lewis,MiddleEast,305OlivierRoy,GlobalizedIslam:TheSearchforaNewUmmah(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,2004),112(oncontemporaryIslamistviews)EfraimKarsh,IslamicImperialism:AHistory(NewHaven,Conn.:YaleUniversityPress,2006),230ndash31.ButseeKhadduri,WarandPeaceintheLawofIslam,156ndash57(onthetraditionalconditionsunderwhichterritorycapturedbynon-Muslimsmightreverttobeingpartofdaral-harb).
11.AnanalysisofthisschismanditsmodernimplicationsmaybefoundinValiNasr,TheShiaRevival:HowConflictsWithinIslamWillShapetheFuture(NewYork:W.W.Norton,2006).
12.BrendanSimms,Europe:TheStruggleforSupremacyfrom1453tothePresent(NewYork:BasicBooks,2013),9ndash10Black,HistoryofIslamicPoliticahought,206ndash7.
13.在英语里它们被误称为降书，不是因为奥斯曼帝国在任何一点上屈从了，而是因为这些文件被分为章节或条款（拉丁文是capitula）。
14.1526年2月，苏莱曼答复法国的弗朗西斯。RogerBigelowMerriman,SuleimantheMagnificent,1520ndash1566(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1944),130.SeealsoHalilInalcik,TheTurkishImpactontheDevelopmentofModernEurope,inTheOttomanStateandItsPlaceinWorldHistory,ed.KemalH.Karpat(Leiden:E.J.Brill,1974),51ndash53GarrettMattingly,RenaissanceDiplomacy(NewYork:PenguinBooks,1955),152.大约500年后，在一段双边关系紧张时期，土耳其总理埃尔多安出于礼节送给法国总统萨科齐一份这封信的复印件，但抱怨说：我觉得他没看这封信。TodaysZaman,December23,2011.
15.1853年，据说俄国沙皇尼古拉一世告诉英国大使：我们手上有一个病夫，一个病得很重的人。如果有一天他从我们手中溜走了，尤其是在尚未做出必要安排之前，那可就麻烦大了。HaroldTemperley,EnglandandtheNearEast(London:Longmans,Green,1936),272.
16.SuanMehmed-Rashad,Proclamation,andSheik-ulIslam,Fetva,inSourceRecordsoftheGreatWar,ed.CharlesF.HorneandWaerF.Austin(Indianapolis:AmericanLegion,1930),2:398ndash401.SeealsoHewStrachan,TheFirstWorldWar(NewYork:Viking,2003),100ndash101.
17.ArthurJamesBalfourtoWaerRothschild,November2,1917,inMalcolmYapp,TheMakingoftheModernNearEast,1792ndash1923(Harlow:Longmans,Green),290.
18.SeeErezManela,TheWilsonianMoment:Self-DeterminationandtheInternationalOriginsofAnticolonialNationalism,1917ndash1920(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2007).
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